The addition of 1wt% Al2O3 microparticles before 1wt% Al2O3 nanoparticles exhibited the highest tensile strength and tensile strain as compared to pure epoxy coating. This is followed by a decrease in tensile strength and strain with a further increase in Al2O3 microparticles to 2wt% before 1wt% Al2O3 nanoparticles. This may be attributed to the good dispersion of the first layers of 1wt% micron Al2O3 particles in epoxy coating. Enhancing the mechanical properties depends on the good dispersion of Al2O3 microparticles inside the epoxy matrix3535 Santos JC, Vieira LMG, Panzera TH, Schiavon MA, Christoforo AL, Scarpa F. Hybrid glass fibre reinforced composites with micro and poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) functionalized nano silica inclusions. Mater Des. 2015;65:543-9. ,3636 Alateyah AI, Imam A, Ibn M, Islamic S, Arabia S, Dhakal HN, et al. Processing, Properties, and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Layer Silicates : A Review. Adv Polym Technol. 2013;32(4):1-49. . Dispersing of Al2O3 microparticles into epoxy homogenously gains the full benefit of its interfacial area with the epoxy matrix3737 Agwa MA, Youssef SM, Ali-Eldin SS, Megahed M. Integrated vacuum assisted resin infusion and resin transfer molding technique for manufacturing of nano-filled glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite. J Ind Text. 2020;2020. . Due to epoxy highly cross-linked structure, poor durability was demonstrated to crack initiation and propagation. The good interfacial bond oriented the crack growth path through the micro/nanophase epoxy matrix. This long traveling path of the propagation of crack consumed high energy and hence improved the mechanical properties as compared to 2E specimen. So, the Al2O3 micro/nanoparticles might act as crack stoppers and increased the capability of the material to absorb energy by forming tortuous pathways for crack growth which resulting in an increasing in tensile properties. In addition, when microcracks due to the tensile loads were met with Al2O3 micro/nanoparticles, they might be stabilized by crack bridging of Al2O3 micro/nanoparticles3838 Melaibari AA, Attia MA, Abd El-baky MA. Understanding the effect of halloysite nanotubes addition upon the mechanical properties of glass fiber aluminum laminate. Fibers Polym. 2021;22(5):1416-33. -021-0656-z. -021-065... . Micro/Nanoparticles hindered the development and propagation of micro-cracks in epoxy coatings. Epoxy filled with micro/nanoparticles offered more effective stress transfer, hence reducing the local stress concentration throughout the epoxy matrix3939 Megahed M, Megahed AA, Agwa MA. The influence of incorporation of silica and carbon nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of hybrid glass fiber reinforced epoxy. J Ind Text. 2019;49(2):181-99. .
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